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Civil Rights · 1887–1940

Marcus Garvey

Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association in 1914 and grew it into the largest Black mass movement in history, with millions of members across the Americas, the Caribbean, and Africa. He preached Black economic self-reliance, Pan-African unity, and pride in African heritage, launching the Black Star Line shipping company as an emblem of Black enterprise. Garvey's ideas shaped Rastafarianism and inspired later leaders from Malcolm X to Kwame Nkrumah.

“A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots.”

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